How To's

Buying an Ace Hardware Franchise? Here’s the REAL cost breakdown

Published

4 years ago

September 22, 2020

From grills and pressure washers to patio furniture and Holiday decorations, people across the globe turn to a trusty shop – Ace Hardware. And with most homeowners eager to take on new home improvement projects on the regular, customers are never in short supply. If you’ve always wondered about Ace Hardware franchise cost, this article will discuss the initial investment you’ll need as well as additional expenses you must be ready for.

Franchise Description

Before getting into the details of an Ace Hardware franchise cost, let’s get to know the brand a bit better. The business started in 1924 by a group of Chicago hardware store owners. The brand is a game-changer in retail because it allowed individual stores to buy products in bulk and get them at the lowest possible rates. The company, with its main office in Oak Brook, Illinois, now has over 5,000 stores around the globe.

The franchisor of the brand is Ace Hardware Corporation. In the US, Ace operates as a retailer-owned cooperative. To explain, franchisees with approved applications get a membership in the coop upon purchase of stock shares. This membership also gives a person the right to buy products and services from the franchisor.

Location owners can operate a separate business or add an Ace Hardware store to an existing venture. The franchisor calls this type of franchise “grocery format.” However, franchise owners shouldn’t offer in-home services under Ace trademark unless they buy a separate Ace Handyman Services franchise.

Training Overview

There’s a required training program in the Oak Brook main office called New Owners Institute. Under this course, new owners learn the tools and resources, and best practices in the trade. Included in the program are lessons about managing finance, inventory, marketing, human resources, and other facets.

Aside from this, the main office’s retail training department schedules additional training sessions that seek to boost store operations. These may include both online and instructor-led training programs. The programs are held at the main office or in regional locations and annual conventions. The range of topics varies to cover the components needed to run the businesses, such as leadership and management, selling skills, and product training. The franchisor offers training programs two times a year, during spring and autumn conventions.

Obligations and Restrictions

Aside from the Ace Hardware franchise cost, the franchisor also requires the principal owners of the business to participate directly in its operation. In fact, there’s a general policy not to grant membership to a person unless they commit to this requirement.

There are no restrictions or limitations on whom franchise owners may hire to be managers or personnel to run the store. In addition to that, there are also no restricted types of goods and services that store owners may offer save for the exceptions detailed in the franchise disclosure document.

How Much Does an Ace Hardware franchise cost?

Your Investment

Name of Fee	Low	High
Initial Franchise Fee – Affiliation Fee	$5,000	$5,000
Capital Stock Subscription	$5,000	$5,000
Initial Brand Assessment (advertising)	$6,000	$12,000
Signage – Exterior Signage	$5,000	$35,000
Signage – Interior Decor	$15,000	$32,000
Leasehold Improvements – Decorating, Furniture and Fixtures ($9 per sq. ft.)	$27,000	$135,000
Telephone, In-store Communications and Other Equipment	$10,000	$20,000
Computer System with Point-of-Sale (Hardware/Software)	$45,000	$80,000
Rent – First 3 months	$3,000	$60,000
Prepaid Expenses – Security Deposit, Dues, Permits, Subscriptions and other Prepaid Expenses	$3,000	$15,000
Opening Inventory	$150,000	$1,000,000
Initial Supplies	$500	$2,500
Insurance	$2,500	$30,000
New Investor Retail Training	$0	$37,730
Additional Funds – Working capital for the first 90 days	$15,000	$150,000
ESTIMATED TOTAL	$292,000	$1,079,230

Other Costs

Type of Fee	Amount
Late Payment	0.77% of the past due bi-weekly billing statement balance.
Low Volume	$100 per bi-weekly billing period if annual volume purchased is less than $200,000.
Freight Charge	The freight rate is billed as a fixed percentage of the franchisee’s warehouse purchases, adjusted annually.
Fuel Surcharge	When the U.S. National Average price for diesel fuel exceeds $2.05 per gallon, a 0.50% fuel charge applies. The surcharge is adjusted (i.e., increased or decreased) weekly, 0.50% for every five-cent change (increase or decrease) in fuel price.
Core Retail Services	$168 per month for all parent stores and $37 per month for each branch store.
Regulatory	Varies by state and product (i.e. paint recycling fee).
Business Insurance	Will vary depending upon coverage purchased. Estimated annual cost of required coverage: $2,500 – $30,000.
Annual Brand Assessment	Store’s first calendar year: $6,000 flat fee per store. Subsequent years: 2% of prior year purchases subject to minimum and maximum assessments.
Computer Hardware and Software for Point of Sale System	$45,000 – $80,000
Computer Hardware and Software Maintenance	Franchisees will also incur charges for ongoing computer hardware and software maintenance services. Costs for these services will vary depending on the services selected by franchisees, but are estimated to be $500 per month. If franchisees use a point of sale system from Epicor Software Corporation, they will also pay an additional $7.50 per payment device, per month, for transactional security (i.e. point to point encryption). If using a different point of sale vendor, the fee for point to point encryption will vary.
Store Planning Services	Minimum $6,000 flat fee for basic services package. Additional fees will vary depending on project scope.
Ace BankCard Program	$35 annual fee per store. A monthly non-qualified fee will be assessed to the franchisee’s statement based on card type and volume.
Customer Check Verification Service (Telecheck)	1% of face value of the customer’s check.
Ace Rewards Program	$850 initial fee; $75 per month, per store thereafter. $0.31 per direct mail piece. Each participating store is required to send in three Ace Rewards specific direct mail promotions per year.
Grocery Format Add-on to Ace Rewards Program	If franchisees are a grocery format, there is a one-time set-up fee of $1,000 if franchisees do not already use products provided by Ace’s chosen vendor, ProLogic. There is an additional program tee of $300 per Cycle. There are 13 non-overlapping Cycles per calendar year.
Ace Gift Card Program	$51.50 initial sign kit fee plus 25¢ per blank (unactivated) card stock. For stores using Eagle/Epicor POS systems, there will be a $175 set up fee and $5.00 monthly fee. If franchisees have another POS provider, there may or may not be additional fees. Cost will also vary depending upon type of card, displays and accessories purchased.
Regional Advertising (optional)	Will vary depending on regional advertising programs.
Ace Marketing Muscle (optional)	Will vary based on the services utilized.
Group Preprint Program (optional)	Price varies by page count and group participation. For example, group pricing for an eight tab is $50 per thousand, while individual store orders are $78 per thousand. See order form for specific pricing.
Monthly Sign Kit Program (recommended)	$175 per month for full kit; $75 for mini-kit.
New Movers Program (optional)	$0.38 per piece.
Customer Insights Program (Mystery Shop, Customer Engagement, Employee Engagement) (optional)	For each in-store mystery shop, the fee is $46. Meanwhile, if it’s a phone mystery shop, it’s $15. On the other hand, a competitor mystery shop, the fee is $46. Franchisees can also purchase customer engagement and employee engagement services, in addition to the mystery shop services, for a monthly bundle fee of $67 per month (which is billed as a $46 mystery shop fee and a $21 customer and employee engagement survey fee).
Visual Merchandising Services	Price varies depending on the size of the store.
Ace Rental Place (optional)	Will vary depending upon the rental equipment offered, fixtures needed, maintenance/repair shop needs and any optional exterior signs selected. Minimum cost of implementation begins at approximately $30,000.
Retail Loss Prevention (optional)	Will vary depending upon equipment or services utilized. Estimated cost range per service: $30 – $3,500. Costs do not include expenses for meeting rooms, travel, lodging, meals or tax where applicable.
Matching Funds (optional)	Member contributes up to $2,400 annually for group advertising.
Additional Training	The cost will vary depending upon the type of training, duration, and location of sessions. Price does not include expenses for meeting rooms, travel, lodging, meals, or tax where applicable.
SAVINGSource	Will vary depending on services utilized.
Mango Report (optional)	$43.50 per month (single or main store); $27.50 per month each additional store.
Snagajob (optional)	$18 per month per store.
National Accounts Program (optional)	Varies by account.
Ace Handyman Services Rebate Program	Varies. Member funds a 10% rebate on items less than $49.99 or less purchased by Ace Handyman Services franchise owners.
Liquidated Damages	$10,000 per month.
Costs and Attorney’s Fees	Varies.
Indemnification	Varies.

Did You Know?

Here are a few fun facts to know about the brand:

Given that its origins root back to people coming together for the greater good, it’s not surprising that they give back to the community. For instance, they’ve been a partner of Children’s Miracle Network (CMN) Hospitals and the American Red Cross during disaster relief efforts since 1991. Ace has raised over $100 million for both organizations through monetary and product donations.
The company holds an annual Ace Shootout that brings together teams of celebrities who compete in fun challenges on the golf course. The fun day aims to raise funds and awareness for Children’s Miracle Network Hospitals.
Ace encourages its communities to share stories of amazing and touching moments connected with their local Ace Hardware. In a program called “Heartware Stories,” the brand encourages people to submit their anecdotes through social media or by sending a snail mail to their main office.
If you’re still not convinced about Ace Hardware’s service quality, then this will change your mind. The brand ranked “Highest in Customer Satisfaction among Home Improvement Retail Stores” in the JD Power 2020 US Home Improvement Retailer Satisfaction Study. Since the annual survey began in 2006, Ace ranked as highest in customer satisfaction, 13 out of the last 14 years. In fact, the survey had nearly 2,626 respondents who purchased home improvement products or services over the past 12 months.
Ace offers a myriad of in-store services – from key cutting to utility payment. No wonder it has become a favorite one-stop-shop in many communities.

As seen from these factoids, the community is in the heart of the brand. If you’re looking for a business that gives back to the people and puts a premium on people, then Ace Hardware franchise cost is surely worth the investment.

Want to know more about franchise information? Check out other articles here at Franchise How!

How To's

The Rise of Paris Banh Mi Franchise

Published

9 months ago

March 15, 2024

Peter Bolic

Are you gearing up for a new business in 2024? Forget the next big tech start-up -the latest trend in town might be a perfectly toasted baguette. Take Paris Banh Mi Cafe and Bakery, for instance. This Vietnamese sandwich shop is rapidly growing, with locations popping up from coast to coast, from California to Florida.

But what’s the secret behind their success? Explore why the Paris Banh Mi franchise has snowballed in the last two years and be inspired to start your own business .

About Paris Banh Mi

The French baguette was introduced in Vietnam in the mid-19th century when the country was still a part of French Indochina. In the 1950s, Saigon saw the birth of a unique Vietnamese sandwich, “bánh mì,” which quickly became a favorite food of a large part of the population.

The story of Paris Banh Mi started in Orlando, Florida, at 1021 E Colonial Drive in 2019. Hien Tran and Doan Nguyen, a married couple passionate about food, opened the first Paris Banh Mi location. Their concept was simple: bring the delicious flavors of Vietnamese banh mi sandwiches, traditionally baguettes filled with savory meats and pickled vegetables, to a broader audience.

The customers quickly fell in love with the fresh ingredients, bold flavors, and convenient fast-casual setting. Now, Paris Banh Mi Cafe and Bakery promises to bring their customers the best “Baguette Banh Mi” taste.

In just two years, the laid-back cafe and bakery in Florida multiplied into a chain of stores in the county. Today, Paris Banh Mi is serving customers in 46 locations all across the USA. The company plans to expand to 100+ locations by 2026.

Each Paris Banh Mi Cafe and Bakery has a clean and spacious dining area, fast service, friendly staff, and a selection of delicious food and pastries. Take a peek at some of their mouth-watering baguette sandwiches filled with authentic Vietnamese ingredients.

Source: Paris Banh Mi website

For those craving something sweet, the bakery indulges you with a variety of French pastries. Check out their sandwiches, pastries, and beverages on the Paris Banh Mi Cafe and Bakery menu page.

Source: Paris Banh Mi website

Why Own a Paris Banh Mi Franchise

Paris Banh Mi is a franchised quick-service restaurant offering exciting opportunities for aspiring business owners. Many nail salon owners and aspiring entrepreneurs are switching to buying a Paris Banh Mi franchise. The main reasons why they love Paris are:

It opens a great opportunity and is more profitable.
Seamless franchising process and fewer things to worry about
Required low capital to open
Higher end-of-year profits

The benefits extend beyond operational efficiency. Paris Banh Mi boasts a surprisingly low-cost entry point compared to other franchises.

The initial franchise fee is manageable at $60,000. The total investment for opening a Paris Banh Mi can range from $200,000 to $500,000. This amount reflects the option to acquire a pre-existing, equipped location (second generation) for a lower investment cost or a complete build-out from scratch option.

Regardless of the chosen route, the investment is significantly lower than that of building a business from the ground up, making Paris Banh Mi an attractive option for many entrepreneurs.

Licensing Information

Owning a Paris Banh Mi franchise is not just about delicious food! The company is looking for dedicated individuals who can run their restaurant full-time. They will provide a multi-day training program for new franchisees. In addition, Paris Banh Mi offers ongoing support for franchisees, guiding them to make informed decisions and thrive in this exciting industry.

You’re a good fit for a Paris Banh Mi Cafe Bakery franchise if you are:

Passionate about food, especially fresh baguettes and pastries
A self-starter with a proven track record in business
Financially responsible with a focus on results
Ready to fully commit to building the Paris Banh Mi brand

If you have what it takes, don’t hesitate to contact them through the franchise hotlines on their franchise opportunities page.

Conclusion

Buying a restaurant franchise is one of the most attractive routes in the world of franchising. Paris Banh Mi makes owning your own business a lot easier. Forget the high costs and headaches of starting from scratch. Their low investment and comprehensive training program mean you can be your own boss with a delicious product. If you are ready to take a bite out of success, contact Paris Banh Mi today!

How To's

Chick-fil-A Franchising Opportunities in 2024

Published

9 months ago

March 14, 2024

Dan Wesson

Buying a franchise from Chick-fil-A is an excellent money-making and healthy option. The fast-food chain has been serving hungry consumers the most delicious chicken sandwiches unmatched by other fast-food restaurants. Buying a Chick-fil-A franchise means investing in a good business and your future. It also lets you continue the culture behind the popular food chain. Here are Chick-fil-A franchising opportunities that will give you entrepreneurial freedom in 2024.

Company Overview

Founded in 1946 by Truett Cathy, Chick-fil-A is deemed one of the longest-running chicken sandwich chains in the United States. The founder opened his first chain in Hapeville, Georgia, and has become a favorite soul food for many. Truett had worked in restaurants seven times a week and knew the importance of rest. That’s why he vowed to close Chick-fil-A every Sunday. He values rest and worship, so he sets aside one day of the week for his employees—a practice that Chick-fil-A still upholds today.

Chick-fil-A also selects franchisees that uphold their values and passion. The company takes great care in selecting who they do business with, which includes getting to know candidates through a lengthy and intensive selection process. The founder’s vision is to influence the people and communities they serve. Chick-fil-A also seeks franchise candidates in Puerto Rico, Canada, and the United States.

Chick-Fil-A candidates are required to show personal financial integrity and stewardship. They also need to have proven experience in leadership and a strong business acumen. Chick-fil-A ensures that candidates showcase entrepreneurial spirit, a strong character, and a growth mindset. This is to uphold the vision and values that Truett started in 1946.

Franchise Training Details

The initial on-site training programs last three to four weeks. However, the duration and actual location of the training will vary.
The training program primarily covers operational aspects, such as food preparation, service, customer relations, accounting, communications, purchasing, planning, maintenance, policies, management styles, and marketing.
The franchisor may require franchisees to attend various conferences and seminars occasionally. This is on top of the initial training program.
The franchisor may also offer various programs that operators can use in advertising products or hiring staff, which aren’t stipulated in the Franchise Agreement.

Franchise Territory

The franchisor will grant franchisees one Chick-fil-A restaurant at the franchisor’s designated location.
Franchisees will not get exclusive or protected territory, so they may face competition from other operators.

Franchise Obligations and Conditions

Franchisees must devote their time and effort 100% to operating their Chick-fil-A restaurant.
The franchisor only allows franchisees to sell products approved by Chick-fil-A. This also applies to franchisees with a Chick-fil-A-associated food truck.

Franchise Term and Renewal

The franchise term expires on early December 31, the year the agreement is signed or whatever the lease expiration is. Franchisees may apply for one-year extensions unless written notice is given 30 days before the franchise term expires.

Financial Assistance

The franchisor designates locations, leases, and subleases the store’s premises to franchisees. The lease and sublease terms will vary depending on the type of Chick-fil-A restaurant and location.
The franchisor also engages in concession agreements that oversee the utilization of non-traditional satellite unit locations with the proprietors or administrators of said satellite unit spaces.
The franchisor offers extended payment periods for specific pre-opening costs stipulated in the Franchise Agreement. Additionally, the franchisor leases equipment to operators, charging a monthly rental fee based on the fair market rental value established by Chick-fil-A using its singular and exclusive business judgment. It’s important to note that neither the franchisor nor any affiliated entities provide any financing arrangements to operators, either directly or indirectly.

Did You Know?

Here are some fun facts about Chick-fil-A you need to know!

Did you know that Chick-fil-A only uses peanut oil for frying? That’s what makes the chicken its unique flavor! Chick-fil-A is also the single most significant purchaser of peanut oil in the United States. They also believe peanut oil is a healthier option.
The best Chick-fil-A promotional gig was the “First 100,” where the first 100 customers inside a new Chick-fil-A restaurant would get free chicken for a year.
Did you know that the founder, Truett Cathy, invented the chicken sandwich? He worked for a restaurant in Atlanta, and the newly delivered chicken breasts were too big to serve as airline food. He turned this into a meal for the staff.
You can get a free ice cream cone by walking up to the counter and trading your toy when ordering the kid’s meal.

Franchise Cost

Your Investment

Name of Fee	Low	High
Initial Franchise Fee	$10,000	$10,000
Opening Inventory	$13,500	$140,000
First Month’s Rental of Equipment	$750	$5,000
First Month’s Lease/Sublease of Premises	$2,550	$85,500
First Month’s Insurance Expense	$240	$12,000
Additional Funds	$491,345	$2,550,935
ESTIMATED TOTAL	$518,385	$2,803,435

Other Fees

Type of Fee	Amount
Advertising	May vary (a) between 0% to 3.25%, to be determined by Chick-fil-A, as a percentage of gross receipts or (b) by vote of operators in local or regional areas.
Advertising Support and Services Fee	Advertising support and services fees incurred, if any, will vary based upon the support and services offered by the franchisor, and selected and received by the operator; the current in-house blended hourly rate for services is $100; Operator will pay any additional fees, costs and expenses as applicable.
Additional Franchise Fee	$5,000 for each additional Chick-fil-A restaurant business.
Business Services Fee	$300 (monthly).
Rent (Traditional Restaurant)	$2,550 to $85,500 (including where applicable, percentage rent).
Occupancy Charge (Satellite Unit)	Determined under the concession agreement attached as an exhibit to the concession sublicense agreement; currently estimated to range between 4% and 30% of gross receipts.
Food Truck Usage Fee (Food Truck)	Currently $2,100 to $3,100, plus additional fees, costs and expenses.
Food Truck Insurance Fee (Food Truck)	Currently $250 to $450 (monthly).
Insurance	$240 to $12,000 (monthly).
Equipment Rental	Currently $750 to $5,000 (monthly).
Hardware and Software Support; High-Speed Internet Access	$9,500 to $20,000 (annually).
Fines – Minimum Standards and Procedures	Will vary under the circumstances.
Indemnification	Will vary under the circumstances.
Operating Service Charges	Determined by formula.
Credit Cards Fees and Related Processing Fees	Will vary.
Highway Signage	Will vary under circumstances.
Interest on Late Payments	The maximum rate permitted by law, or if none, 1.25% per month.
Cash Handling System Services	$85 to $450 (monthly)
Reimbursement of Cost of Performance	Costs and expenses of performance.
Holdover Liquidated Damages	Double the base rent and percentage rent.

Here are the Chick-fil-A franchise costs:

If you’re looking for another investment opportunity, visit Franchise How’s website for more information.

How To's

Zoom Sewer and Drain Cleaning Franchise Cost

Published

9 months ago

March 12, 2024

Dan Wesson

Taking care of your home’s plumbing system is an essential part of being a homeowner. However, not everyone has the skill and patience to do it, and so franchises such as Zoom Sewer and Drain Cleaning are some of the most lucrative. Here’s what you need to know if you’re thinking of getting it:

Franchise Description

Zoom Sewer and Drain Cleaning provides drain cleaning, maintenance, sewer inspections, repair and replacement services for residential and commercial customers. The business began in 1995 and had been franchising since 2013. They have their headquarters in Norristown, Pennsylvania, and Zoom Franchise Company, LLC is the franchisor.

Training

Training for the franchisee’s principal owner and personnel will be provided by the franchisor or its representatives and agents. Before starting your franchise, Zoom Sewer and Drain Cleaning will require you to complete their training program. It comes in two phases:

Phase 1: 2 to 3 days training at the Franchise Business
Phase2: 2 to 3 days in Norristown, PA

The franchisor may also require you to attend additional training during the length of your term agreement. The franchisor is planning to hold a 2 to 3-day national Zoom Fest yearly. This will be held in Norristown, PA, or any location it designates. They will require franchisees to attend, but their managers will be welcome.

Territory

The franchisor will designate a protected territory where the franchisees will operate their business. Before signing any Franchise Agreement, both the franchisor and the franchisee will agree on a geographic territory.

The franchisor will base the protected territory on contiguous zip codes that will consist of approximately 500,000 individuals. This will be based on the most recent U.S. Census data at the time of signing the franchise agreement. This means that as long as the deal is taking effect, the franchisor or its affiliates will not locate, operate, or grant a franchise for another Zoom Sewer and Drain Cleaning business within the protected territory.

Obligations

The franchisor requires the franchisee or its principal owner to exert every effort to take responsibility for the management of the business. They will do this on a daily basis unless they agree on an alternate arrangement. With the franchisor’s discretion, the franchisee can hire a manager to handle the operations of the business.

Franchisors will also require you to sell products and services that have their approval. On the other hand, franchisees aren’t allowed to sell unauthorized products or services in compliance with the franchise agreement. Franchisees are also not allowed to solicit business outside of the protected territory. They are, however, permitted to serve customers outside of the protected territory as written in the FDD.

Term of Agreement

The initial franchise will take ten years after the signing of the agreement. You can renew the contract for another ten years, for four times, if you continue to meet the requirements.

Financial Assistance

Zoom Sewer and Drain Cleaning doesn’t offer direct or indirect financial assistance to its franchisees. In addition, they will not guarantee a franchisee’s note, lease, or obligation.

Did You Know?

Get to know more about Zoom Sewer and Drain Cleaning before you get that franchise. Here are some facts about the business:

They have very little competition in the niche. Most of their competitors are independent plumbers and contractors
According to the company’s co-founder and COO, Ellen Rohr, this is a recession-resistant business, and the Covid-19 pandemic has proven this
They have a reported $12 million in revenue with 53 employees and 15 franchisees

Your Investment

The table below shows the estimated cost of a Zoom Sewer and Drain Cleaning franchise. Take note that these numbers may change without any prior notice.

Name of Fee	Low	High
Initial Franchise Fee	$35,000	$35,000
Lease	$3,000	$9,000
Leasehold Improvement	$2,000	$40,000
Furniture, Fixtures and Computer System	$7,500	$13,000
Vehicles	$7,000	$9,500
Vehicle Wrap and Design	$4,500	$5,500
Initial Equipment and Inventory of Supplies	$40,000	$50,000
Business Licenses and Permits; Deposits and Pre-Paid Expenses	$0	$5,000
Professional Fees	$500	$3,000
Insurance – Quarterly	$4,000	$6,000
Initial Training Expenses	$500	$3,000
Initial Marketing Expenses	$45,000	$60,000
Additional Funds – 6 months	$50,000	$100,000
ESTIMATED TOTAL	$199,000	$341,000

Other Costs

Type of Fee	Amount
Royalty Fee	5% of Net Sales.
Marketing Fee	Up to 2% of Net Sales. Currently, the franchisor does not charge this fee.
Call Center Fee	Up to $25 per scheduled appointment. Currently, the franchisor does not operate the Call Center or charge a Call Center Fee.
Technology Fee	The then-current Technology Fee; currently $500 per month.
Webpage Development and Optimization Fee	The then-current fee charged by the franchisor’s designated website SEO provider; currently $695 per month.
Additional Location Fee	The then-current Additional Location Fee; currently $2,000.
Transfer Fee	Up to 50% of the then-current Initial Franchise Fee.
Renewal Fee	Up to 25% of the then-current Initial Franchise Fee.
Additional Training and Assistance	Fee and all expenses. Currently $1,000 per day plus travel expenses.
National Conference	Reasonable fees and all expenses.
Testing for Supplier Approval	Reasonable fee.
Interest on Late Payments	Lesser of 1.5% per month or maximum legal rate.
Audit Fee	Cost of audit.
Taxes	Actual cost.
Indemnification	Will vary under circumstances.
Costs and Attorneys’ Fees	Will vary under circumstances.